{"id":9351,"date":"2026-01-29T20:39:49","date_gmt":"2026-01-29T20:39:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/?p=9351"},"modified":"2026-01-29T22:44:44","modified_gmt":"2026-01-29T22:44:44","slug":"pre-colonial-azawad-africa-maps-part-two","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/pre-colonial-azawad-africa-maps-part-two\/","title":{"rendered":"CARTES PR\u00c9COLONIALES DE L'AZAWAD ET DE L'AFRIQUE - DEUXI\u00c8ME PARTIE."},"content":{"rendered":"<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"918\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MAP-AZAWAD2.jpg?resize=918%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9586\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.8964827954528115;width:1163px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MAP-AZAWAD2.jpg?resize=918%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 918w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MAP-AZAWAD2.jpg?resize=269%2C300&amp;ssl=1 269w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MAP-AZAWAD2.jpg?resize=768%2C856&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MAP-AZAWAD2.jpg?resize=11%2C12&amp;ssl=1 11w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/MAP-AZAWAD2.jpg?w=1241&amp;ssl=1 1241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 918px) 100vw, 918px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-link-color has-superbfont-large-font-size wp-elements-66718a779d9d883678ec1bc8d5f8ce88\">Voici d'autres cartes \u00e0 \u00e9tudier. Le premier article, consacr\u00e9 aux cartes pr\u00e9coloniales et coloniales de l'\u00ab Azawad \u00bb datant du XVIIe si\u00e8cle, <a href=\"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/jetons-un-coup-doeil-aux-anciennes-cartes-de-lazawad-datant-de-lepoque-pre-coloniale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">est disponible ici.<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Voici le second article sur l'existence de l'Azawad, attest\u00e9e par plusieurs centaines de cartes anciennes, pr\u00e9coloniales et coloniales, conserv\u00e9es dans diverses biblioth\u00e8ques internationales \u00e0 travers le monde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Les cinq premi\u00e8res cartes montrent tr\u00e8s clairement o\u00f9 se situait le territoire touareg avant la colonisation, tandis que les suivantes pr\u00e9sentent des fronti\u00e8res artificielles, injustes et erron\u00e9es, trac\u00e9es par des personnes qui n'y vivaient m\u00eame pas. Ces cartes ignorent totalement les peuples qui vivaient et vivent encore sur ces terres, subissant d'immenses souffrances dues \u00e0 une marginalisation et une oppression terribles, allant jusqu'au g\u00e9nocide syst\u00e9matique, ainsi que ces fronti\u00e8res postcoloniales et ces rattachements injustes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Si l'Azawad n'avait jamais exist\u00e9 (et n'\u00e9tait qu'une pure invention, un r\u00eave propag\u00e9 sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, comme le pr\u00e9tendent sans cesse les n\u00e9gationnistes maliens), ces cartes \u2013 et il en existe des centaines ! \u2013 n'auraient jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es et n'existeraient pas. Le nom d'Azawad n'appara\u00eetrait pas non plus dans les anciens livres d'histoire et autres \u00e9crits, or il y figure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ces cartes montrent aussi tr\u00e8s clairement que la r\u00e9gion appel\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0Bambara\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0Melli\u00a0\u00bb sur certaines cartes \u00e9tait situ\u00e9e bien plus au sud que l'Azawad, dans le d\u00e9sert du Sahara. Cette r\u00e9gion \u00e9tait d'ailleurs souvent d\u00e9sign\u00e9e par le nom \u00ab\u00a0Touareg\u00a0\u00bb ou par celui d'anciennes conf\u00e9d\u00e9rations touaregs sur certaines cartes anciennes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Cela ne signifie pas que seuls les Touaregs vivaient l\u00e0, mais qu'ils \u00e9taient clairement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s. Les noms \u00e9crits le montrent d'ailleurs clairement : les Azawadiens et les Maliens \u00e9taient des peuples diff\u00e9rents, vivant sur des territoires distincts. Autrement dit, les Azawadiens n'ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab Maliens \u00bb, et comment auraient-ils pu l'\u00eatre, puisque l'\u00c9tat du Mali n'existait m\u00eame pas encore ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">On ne peut pas changer l'identit\u00e9 et l'histoire d'un peuple ancestral en essayant de le transformer en ce qu'il n'est pas et n'a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9. Et lorsqu'il r\u00e9siste naturellement \u00e0 cette oppression et \u00e0 cette marginalisation, on le traite de \u00ab terroriste \u00bb et on utilise cette \u00e9tiquette comme pr\u00e9texte pour le tuer, en inventant toutes sortes de mensonges sur son pr\u00e9tendu statut d'\u00ab \u00e9trangers \u00bb, etc., tandis que sa culture ancestrale est appropri\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Des \u00e9trangers sur leur propre terre ? C'est pourtant ainsi qu'ils sont trait\u00e9s et c'est le sentiment que beaucoup d'entre eux \u00e9prouvent. Il s'agit de l'effacement d'un peuple, d'un g\u00e9nocide syst\u00e9matique, rien d'autre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Comment la France a-t-elle pu les r\u00e9unir au sein d'un seul \u00c9tat \u2013 de quel droit ? \u2013 ? \u2013 cela constitue sans doute l'une des d\u00e9cisions coloniales les plus d\u00e9vastatrices et oppressives jamais prises, ayant entra\u00een\u00e9 le d\u00e9placement et le massacre de milliers de personnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"\">\u00ab L'Azawad existe depuis des si\u00e8cles, bien avant la cr\u00e9ation artificielle du Mali en 1960. Leur \u00c9tat postcolonial n'est qu'une construction fran\u00e7aise confi\u00e9e \u00e0 ses collaborateurs locaux \u00bb, pour reprendre les mots de Fatim Wallet.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Le d\u00e9ni de l'existence de l'Azawad est une tentative path\u00e9tique de justifier le g\u00e9nocide culturel et militaire perp\u00e9tr\u00e9 contre le peuple de l'Azawad, et n'est rien d'autre que la perp\u00e9tuation du colonialisme sous une autre forme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ces cartes datent de 1578 \u00e0 1914.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1.jpeg?fit=576%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9391\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.5624933241779202;width:813px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1.jpeg?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1.jpeg?resize=169%2C300&amp;ssl=1 169w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1.jpeg?resize=576%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 576w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1.jpeg?resize=768%2C1365&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1.jpeg?resize=864%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 864w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1.jpeg?resize=7%2C12&amp;ssl=1 7w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1269\" height=\"806\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-3-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?fit=1024%2C650&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9353\" style=\"width:1021px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-3-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?w=1269&amp;ssl=1 1269w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-3-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?resize=300%2C191&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-3-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?resize=1024%2C650&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-3-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?resize=768%2C488&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-3-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?resize=18%2C12&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><em>Pays des \u00ab Imoshagh \u00bb, ou Tawarek (Touareg)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1276\" height=\"793\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1-1.jpg?fit=1024%2C636&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1-1.jpg?w=1276&amp;ssl=1 1276w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1-1.jpg?resize=300%2C186&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C636&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1-1.jpg?resize=768%2C477&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-1-1.jpg?resize=18%2C12&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">(Tademekket) et (Awilmmiden) dans le coude du fleuve Niger, qui \u00e9taient des conf\u00e9d\u00e9rations touar\u00e8gues avant la colonisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1278\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-2-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?fit=1024%2C506&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9356\" style=\"width:1019px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-2-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?w=1278&amp;ssl=1 1278w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-2-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?resize=300%2C148&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-2-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?resize=1024%2C506&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-2-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?resize=768%2C380&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YNx3QXsAAMr27-2-Country-of-the-Imouhagh-or-Tuareg.jpg?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1578 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578.jpeg?fit=540%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9360\" style=\"width:852px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578.jpeg?w=540&amp;ssl=1 540w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578.jpeg?resize=158%2C300&amp;ssl=1 158w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578.jpeg?resize=6%2C12&amp;ssl=1 6w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"930\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578-4.jpeg?fit=744%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9361\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578-4.jpeg?w=930&amp;ssl=1 930w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578-4.jpeg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1 218w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578-4.jpeg?resize=744%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 744w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578-4.jpeg?resize=768%2C1057&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1578-4.jpeg?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1600 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1242\" height=\"2178\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-1.png?fit=584%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9818\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-1.png?w=1242&amp;ssl=1 1242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-1.png?resize=171%2C300&amp;ssl=1 171w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-1.png?resize=584%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 584w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-1.png?resize=768%2C1347&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-1.png?resize=876%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 876w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-1.png?resize=1168%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1168w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-1.png?resize=7%2C12&amp;ssl=1 7w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1242\" height=\"1780\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3-1.png?fit=714%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9819\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3-1.png?w=1242&amp;ssl=1 1242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3-1.png?resize=209%2C300&amp;ssl=1 209w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3-1.png?resize=714%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 714w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3-1.png?resize=768%2C1101&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3-1.png?resize=1072%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1072w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3-1.png?resize=8%2C12&amp;ssl=1 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1242\" height=\"1056\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4-1.png?fit=1024%2C871&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9820\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4-1.png?w=1242&amp;ssl=1 1242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4-1.png?resize=300%2C255&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4-1.png?resize=1024%2C871&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4-1.png?resize=768%2C653&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4-1.png?resize=14%2C12&amp;ssl=1 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1631\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1242\" height=\"946\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-2.png?fit=1024%2C780&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9766\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-2.png?w=1242&amp;ssl=1 1242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-2.png?resize=300%2C229&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-2.png?resize=1024%2C780&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-2.png?resize=768%2C585&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-2.png?resize=16%2C12&amp;ssl=1 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1408\" height=\"1598\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1631.jpeg?fit=902%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9362\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1631.jpeg?w=1408&amp;ssl=1 1408w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1631.jpeg?resize=264%2C300&amp;ssl=1 264w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1631.jpeg?resize=902%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 902w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1631.jpeg?resize=768%2C872&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1631.jpeg?resize=1353%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1353w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1631.jpeg?resize=11%2C12&amp;ssl=1 11w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1641:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"589\" height=\"978\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641.jpeg?fit=589%2C978&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9363\" style=\"width:865px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641.jpeg?w=589&amp;ssl=1 589w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641.jpeg?resize=181%2C300&amp;ssl=1 181w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641.jpeg?resize=7%2C12&amp;ssl=1 7w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"917\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641-4.jpeg?fit=734%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9364\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641-4.jpeg?w=917&amp;ssl=1 917w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641-4.jpeg?resize=215%2C300&amp;ssl=1 215w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641-4.jpeg?resize=734%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 734w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641-4.jpeg?resize=768%2C1072&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1641-4.jpeg?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 917px) 100vw, 917px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1660 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"905\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-1.jpeg?fit=579%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9830\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-1.jpeg?w=905&amp;ssl=1 905w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-1.jpeg?resize=170%2C300&amp;ssl=1 170w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-1.jpeg?resize=579%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 579w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-1.jpeg?resize=768%2C1358&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-1.jpeg?resize=869%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 869w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-1.jpeg?resize=7%2C12&amp;ssl=1 7w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 905px) 100vw, 905px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1139\" height=\"907\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?fit=1024%2C815&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9831\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?w=1139&amp;ssl=1 1139w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?resize=300%2C239&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?resize=1024%2C815&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?resize=768%2C612&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?resize=15%2C12&amp;ssl=1 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1667 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-B-DESCRIPTION-1.jpeg?fit=557%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9836\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-B-DESCRIPTION-1.jpeg?w=870&amp;ssl=1 870w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-B-DESCRIPTION-1.jpeg?resize=163%2C300&amp;ssl=1 163w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-B-DESCRIPTION-1.jpeg?resize=557%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 557w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-B-DESCRIPTION-1.jpeg?resize=768%2C1412&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-B-DESCRIPTION-1.jpeg?resize=835%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 835w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-B-DESCRIPTION-1.jpeg?resize=7%2C12&amp;ssl=1 7w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1385\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?fit=886%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9832\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?w=1385&amp;ssl=1 1385w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=260%2C300&amp;ssl=1 260w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=886%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 886w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=768%2C887&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=1330%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1330w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"760\" height=\"618\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?fit=760%2C618&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9833\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.2298045561427018;width:813px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?w=760&amp;ssl=1 760w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=300%2C244&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1660-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=15%2C12&amp;ssl=1 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"979\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-1967-map-2.jpeg?fit=1024%2C783&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9838\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-1967-map-2.jpeg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-1967-map-2.jpeg?resize=300%2C229&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-1967-map-2.jpeg?resize=1024%2C783&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-1967-map-2.jpeg?resize=768%2C587&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-1967-map-2.jpeg?resize=16%2C12&amp;ssl=1 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"518\" height=\"478\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3-1.jpeg?fit=518%2C478&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9840\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.0836847438789186;width:813px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3-1.jpeg?w=518&amp;ssl=1 518w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3-1.jpeg?resize=300%2C277&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3-1.jpeg?resize=13%2C12&amp;ssl=1 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 518px) 100vw, 518px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"823\" height=\"690\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?fit=823%2C690&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9808\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?w=823&amp;ssl=1 823w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?resize=300%2C252&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?resize=768%2C644&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-2.jpeg?resize=14%2C12&amp;ssl=1 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 823px) 100vw, 823px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"999\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"9810\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=999%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=999%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 999w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=293%2C300&amp;ssl=1 293w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=768%2C787&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-3.jpeg?w=1221&amp;ssl=1 1221w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" data-id=\"9809\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=1024%2C819&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9809\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=1024%2C819&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=300%2C240&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=768%2C615&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=15%2C12&amp;ssl=1 15w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1667-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?w=1506&amp;ssl=1 1506w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1702:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1162\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1702-2.jpeg?fit=1024%2C902&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9365\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1702-2.jpeg?w=1162&amp;ssl=1 1162w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1702-2.jpeg?resize=300%2C264&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1702-2.jpeg?resize=1024%2C902&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1702-2.jpeg?resize=768%2C677&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1702-2.jpeg?resize=14%2C12&amp;ssl=1 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Six images extraites de deux ouvrages diff\u00e9rents \u2013 ann\u00e9e 1707.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"474\" data-id=\"9797\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=600%2C474&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9797\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-2.jpeg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=300%2C237&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=15%2C12&amp;ssl=1 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"918\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-3.jpeg?fit=1024%2C588&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9799\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.741516303048019;width:1163px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-3.jpeg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=300%2C172&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=1024%2C588&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=768%2C441&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=1536%2C881&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=18%2C10&amp;ssl=1 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"969\" height=\"1192\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?fit=832%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9826\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?w=969&amp;ssl=1 969w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=244%2C300&amp;ssl=1 244w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=832%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 832w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=768%2C945&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1707-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 969px) 100vw, 969px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"866\" height=\"1282\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-1.jpeg?fit=692%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9366\" style=\"width:860px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-1.jpeg?w=866&amp;ssl=1 866w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-1.jpeg?resize=203%2C300&amp;ssl=1 203w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-1.jpeg?resize=692%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 692w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-1.jpeg?resize=768%2C1137&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-1.jpeg?resize=8%2C12&amp;ssl=1 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 866px) 100vw, 866px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1078\" height=\"1232\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-2.jpeg?fit=896%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9367\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-2.jpeg?w=1078&amp;ssl=1 1078w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-2.jpeg?resize=263%2C300&amp;ssl=1 263w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-2.jpeg?resize=896%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 896w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-2.jpeg?resize=768%2C878&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-2.jpeg?resize=11%2C12&amp;ssl=1 11w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"962\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-3.jpeg?fit=1024%2C912&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9368\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-3.jpeg?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-3.jpeg?resize=300%2C267&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-3.jpeg?resize=1024%2C912&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-3.jpeg?resize=768%2C684&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1707-3.jpeg?resize=13%2C12&amp;ssl=1 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1740, quatre images\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"584\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"9792\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=584%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9792\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=584%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 584w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=171%2C300&amp;ssl=1 171w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=768%2C1347&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=876%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 876w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-2.jpeg?resize=7%2C12&amp;ssl=1 7w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-2.jpeg?w=912&amp;ssl=1 912w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"908\" data-id=\"9794\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=1024%2C908&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9794\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=1024%2C908&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=300%2C266&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=768%2C681&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-3.jpeg?resize=14%2C12&amp;ssl=1 14w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-MAP-3.jpeg?w=1231&amp;ssl=1 1231w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1243\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?fit=1024%2C796&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9828\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=300%2C233&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=1024%2C796&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=768%2C597&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=1536%2C1193&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1740-picture-of-map-4.jpeg?resize=15%2C12&amp;ssl=1 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1752, trois images :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"972\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1752.jpeg?fit=528%2C972&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9369\" style=\"width:853px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1752.jpeg?w=528&amp;ssl=1 528w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1752.jpeg?resize=163%2C300&amp;ssl=1 163w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/1752.jpeg?resize=7%2C12&amp;ssl=1 7w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1242\" height=\"1780\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3.png?fit=714%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9768\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.6979426005406975;width:813px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3.png?w=1242&amp;ssl=1 1242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3.png?resize=209%2C300&amp;ssl=1 209w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3.png?resize=714%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 714w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3.png?resize=768%2C1101&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3.png?resize=1072%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1072w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-3.png?resize=8%2C12&amp;ssl=1 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1242\" height=\"1056\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4.png?fit=1024%2C871&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4.png?w=1242&amp;ssl=1 1242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4.png?resize=300%2C255&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4.png?resize=1024%2C871&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4.png?resize=768%2C653&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Geographical-Histoire-Africa-4.png?resize=14%2C12&amp;ssl=1 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1864\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1669\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDWOXEAA10mh1.jpeg?fit=663%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9372\" style=\"width:853px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDWOXEAA10mh1.jpeg?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDWOXEAA10mh1.jpeg?resize=194%2C300&amp;ssl=1 194w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDWOXEAA10mh1.jpeg?resize=663%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 663w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDWOXEAA10mh1.jpeg?resize=768%2C1187&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDWOXEAA10mh1.jpeg?resize=994%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 994w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDWOXEAA10mh1.jpeg?resize=8%2C12&amp;ssl=1 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"874\" height=\"1047\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDSZXIAA53qe2.jpeg?fit=855%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9373\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDSZXIAA53qe2.jpeg?w=874&amp;ssl=1 874w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDSZXIAA53qe2.jpeg?resize=250%2C300&amp;ssl=1 250w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDSZXIAA53qe2.jpeg?resize=855%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 855w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDSZXIAA53qe2.jpeg?resize=768%2C920&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDSZXIAA53qe2.jpeg?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1217\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDZ7XAAAF8ji.jpeg?fit=909%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9374\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDZ7XAAAF8ji.jpeg?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDZ7XAAAF8ji.jpeg?resize=266%2C300&amp;ssl=1 266w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDZ7XAAAF8ji.jpeg?resize=909%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 909w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDZ7XAAAF8ji.jpeg?resize=768%2C865&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YGDZ7XAAAF8ji.jpeg?resize=11%2C12&amp;ssl=1 11w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Affirmer que l'Azawad ne serait qu'une \u00ab\u00a0fantasme qui n'a jamais exist\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb rel\u00e8ve de la falsification historique monumentale, une tentative de dissimuler la v\u00e9rit\u00e9. Les preuves sont l\u00e0, sous nos yeux, conserv\u00e9es dans de vieux atlas cartographiques, dans des biblioth\u00e8ques internationales, m\u00eame au Br\u00e9sil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><em>Carte de l'Afrique en 1880\u00a0:<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2479\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YJNsfXcAAX7e8-scaled.jpeg?fit=1024%2C992&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9358\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YJNsfXcAAX7e8-scaled.jpeg?w=2560&amp;ssl=1 2560w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YJNsfXcAAX7e8-scaled.jpeg?resize=300%2C291&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YJNsfXcAAX7e8-scaled.jpeg?resize=1024%2C992&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YJNsfXcAAX7e8-scaled.jpeg?resize=768%2C744&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YJNsfXcAAX7e8-scaled.jpeg?resize=1536%2C1488&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YJNsfXcAAX7e8-scaled.jpeg?resize=2048%2C1984&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/N-G4YJNsfXcAAX7e8-scaled.jpeg?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Ann\u00e9e 1914\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"9427\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7455.jpg?resize=528%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7455.jpg?resize=528%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 528w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7455.jpg?resize=155%2C300&amp;ssl=1 155w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7455.jpg?resize=768%2C1489&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7455.jpg?resize=792%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 792w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7455.jpg?resize=1056%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1056w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7455.jpg?resize=6%2C12&amp;ssl=1 6w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7455.jpg?w=1242&amp;ssl=1 1242w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"628\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"9431\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7461-2.jpg?resize=628%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9431\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7461-2.jpg?resize=628%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 628w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7461-2.jpg?resize=184%2C300&amp;ssl=1 184w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7461-2.jpg?resize=768%2C1252&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7461-2.jpg?resize=943%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 943w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7461-2.jpg?resize=7%2C12&amp;ssl=1 7w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/freeazawad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_7461-2.jpg?w=1242&amp;ssl=1 1242w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">L'Azawad, une nation ancienne \u00e0 l'histoire mill\u00e9naire, poss\u00e9dait sa propre culture, son \u00e9criture et sa langue. Il ne s'agissait pas d'un \u00c9tat au sens moderne du terme, avec des fronti\u00e8res d\u00e9finies, car sa population menait une vie majoritairement nomade (mais pas exclusivement). Ce mode de vie nomade, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 depuis des mill\u00e9naires pour s'adapter \u00e0 l'environnement du Sahara, \u00e9tait lui-m\u00eame li\u00e9 au climat rigoureux de la r\u00e9gion. Les \u00e9crits tifinagh diss\u00e9min\u00e9s sur ce vaste territoire t\u00e9moignent de leur pr\u00e9sence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Malheureusement, les autorit\u00e9s \u00e9tatiques du Mali n'ont jamais respect\u00e9 ni accept\u00e9 l'identit\u00e9 de l'Azawad et l'ont au contraire marginalis\u00e9 ; elles font encore tout leur possible (avec l'aide de mercenaires russes et de drones turcs) pour l'exterminer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Azawad Support Group, and Azawad Contexts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-link-color wp-elements-bbc451ac11c6172b04f7e896fe0623f8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/\">PAGE  D\u00b4ACCUEIL<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If Azawad never existed and was just a fantasy and dream on the social media as Malian Azawad-existence deniers keep saying, these maps, &#8211; and there are hundreds of them! &#8211; would never have been made and would not exist. Neither would the name Azawad exist in old history books and other writings but it does.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[232,140,338,588,381,632],"tags":[14,118,107,429,639,716,233,339,219,341,119,121,122,189,191,114,740,741,340,739,193,738,715,120,342,116,144],"class_list":["post-9351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-africa","category-azawad-news","category-colonialism-oppression-neglect-exploitation-french_colonialism-mali-france-azawad-kel_tamacheq-tuareg-tamacheq","category-media","category-sahel","category-tuareg-diaspora","tag-azawad-colonialisation-mali-oppression-touareg-separatistes-liberte-independance-droitsdelhomme-violationsdesdroitsdelhomme-genocide-racisme-histoire-afrique-sahel-sahara","tag-atrocities","tag-azawad","tag-azawad_resistance","tag-colonial_error","tag-colonial_maps","tag-colonial_powers","tag-exploitation","tag-france","tag-french_colonialism","tag-genocide","tag-human-rights-violations","tag-humanitarian-crisis","tag-injustice","tag-kel_tamacheq","tag-mali","tag-maps","tag-maps_of_azawad","tag-neglect","tag-olonialism","tag-oppression","tag-post_colonial_issue","tag-pre-colonial_maps","tag-racism","tag-tamacheq","tag-terrorism","tag-tuareg"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9351"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9351\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10165,"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9351\/revisions\/10165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9351"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/freeazawad.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}